Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Discussion - Coursework ExampleOne example of incidences of groupthink in workplaces is the financial malpractices. Financial department falls course of groupthink by engaging in unethical malpractices that lead to losses in the Airline industries. It is argued that groupthink influenced the Foolhardy Risks that was characterized by heinous scandalous behavior.Groupthink can be turn to through professional awareness of the psychological phenomenon of the problem. Therefore, through awareness workers are encouraged to outline their individual decisions rather than offering unanimous decisions on decisions. These strategies run into that unethical decisions are rectified before the group agrees them. For example, a decision to spend $10 billion on buying more aircraft by the American Airlines would require an analysis of the cost benefit of the venture. Individual decisions would offer different analysis from different perspective of group members. Thus, combinations of the ideas an d ethical views minimize the problem of groupthink in organization

Disney Land Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Disney Land - Essay ExampleThis made him purchase another property, 160-acre at a site near Anaheim in 1953 (Trahan, 7). The construction of the greens conk outed in 1954, and it was completed and launched later in 1955. Since its launch, the business organization has experienced immense growth and expansion, starting from local expansion and later venturing to other countries in Europe and Asia. composition compared to other theme lay in the world, Disneyland Theme park has been quoted as the most successful of them all, hitting a cumulative 600 one thousand thousand visitors by the fall apart 201 (Seth and Len, 12). Its expansion in other countries has also been successful, with its resort complexes and theme parks recording high growth, profitability and popularity over the years. It is in the light of this consideration that thither is a need to evaluate the factors that have made Disneyland such(prenominal) a successful venture, thus making it popular the world over. Firs t, the major factor that contributed to the high-notch start for Disneyland is the nature of its launch in July 17, 1955, where a acknowledge guest of 15, 000 people were invited to grace the occasion, and the military issue swelled to an unexpected 30, 000 guests, on top of the 90 million people who watched via a live television broadcast (Barrier, 240). Just by the mere launch of the business venture, it became popular and attracted the attention of many prospective visitors, since such was a rare spectacle in the minds of many who attended the live unveiling and also those who watched it live. Due to the popularity that Disneyland cultivated that day, it was sure to continue receiving visitors consistently, among those who had watched the launch on live television, but now wanted to see the real Disneyland (Seth and Len, 23). The next day after the launch was not different, with visitors streaming in to view the theme park and thus the business kicked off at a relatively high r ate, compared to other new business ventures. The success of the kickoff has greatly contributed to the success of Disneyland as it is experienced today, since it started off as a popular business venture, whose popularity and fame has constantly increased over the decades. The other success factor that has shaped the destiny of Disneyland business venture to present day is the initial pricing strategy (Trahan, 13). Having attracted the attention of many potential visitors, the business venture had to differentiate itself from the other amusement parks through charging relatively high entry fees at the gate, with a gate entry fee of $1 (Barrier, 212). This served to present Disneyland as a high physique guest attraction, which served to attract the attention of potential visitors even more. Having built on its popularity during the launch, then, the business had to keep the tempo by presenting itself as a high class and unique attraction, which would entice many people to visit and witness the difference between Disneyland and other amusement parks. Another initial success factor that impersonate Disney for more success is the visitor management strategy that was applied from the initial days of the business opening. The management of Disneyland worked towards controlling the attendance of the visitors to the park, through regulating the number of daily visitors to a maximum of 20,000 (Trahan, 13). While limiting the number of customers to any business might appear to be a poor strategy,

Environmental Statutes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Statutes - Research Paper ExampleThe mission of the EPA is to safeguard and protect the natural environment, water, air and land (SBA.Gov, n.d). I work with a Pesticide Ingredients takings company, and it is one of the businesses highly subjected to the environmental laws one of them being the Clean body of water Act (1972). This Act is enforced by the United States EPA (Environment Protection Agency). The Clean Water Act (CWA) provides the fundamental structure for controlling discharges of pollutants into the clean waters and regulates the quality standards for surface waters (SBA.Gov, n.d).My employer through the help of the EPA offers the environmental pollution prevention and the respectfulness information to employees. This way the employees learn the importance of avoiding the emissions of hazardous wastes and discharge into the water bodies which would pose a danger to the plants, humans, and plants survival. The employer also has a special permit from the EP A so as to allow discharge of the industrys harmless wastes into the nearby river. The wastes are first purified to ensure that no harmful substance is released into the water body. well-nigh of industries and businesses all over the world complain about the environmental laws as they claim that they are too restrictive. This is true as these ordinances cost the Pesticide Ingredients Production companionship its profits, and its precious time and effort (SBA.Gov, n.d). For the wastes to be purified it requires the employer to put in place expensive and highly advanced machines to comply with the Clean Water Act. It also be the employer a lot of money and other resources in the training of the employees on how to operate these high technology machines. Therefore, as much as the environmental regulation rules and regulations are for a better cause they mean extra efforts, time, energy, and costs to the businesses they affect. They are thus a hindrance to some of the

Genetically modified organism Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism EssayA genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism which been using genetic engineering techniques, and Monsanto is a publicly agricultural biotechnology company. Monsanto has a huge influence on GMO products. Unfortunately, Monsanto is not a great company because they produce harmful products and lie to their customers. Absolutely, Monsanto didnt do the illegal things, entirely they didnt obey the ethics. As seen in the video, I would like to discuss Contemporary Consequentialism which depend on justice, Kantian Ethics which as a form of deontological ethics and Social Contract Theory which depend on law to discuss Monsantos case. GMO products sounds like good for our health and economy, but whatsoever companies like Monsanto dont do well. Contemporary Consequentialism Contemporary consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories which justice takes an important role. As its name suggests, Consequentialism is the go out depend o nly on consequences. Justice contains distributive justice and retributive justice (Driver P61). Justice concern the distribution of benefits is called distributive justice, such as receipts and health cargon.Justice concern the distribution of rewards and punishments is called retributive justice, such as good citizens awards and prison terms. The theory determining whether or not an accomplishment is right are the consequences produced by that action (Driver, 2007, p. 40) did not lead to positive consequences for the Monsanto company. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) likewise lied about their founding in 1992. Since 1992, 37 wad died and thousands more were seriously ill after eating one of the GMO foods made by Monsanto.This is not only ethic issue, but also is illegal. Monsantos character was selfish and didnt make the world a better place (Hinman, 2002). Monsanto should be punished by justice. These GMO foods are killing commonwealth by the tens of thousands and The FDA doesnt have any responds. I think FDA is the biggest travesty in the U. S. Theyre turning a blind eye to their patients misery. Kantian Ethics Kantian ethics is a deontological ethical theory which proposed by Immanuel Kant.He said A good exit is good not because of what it affects or accomplishes, nor because of its fitness to succeed some proposed end its good only though its willing (Driver, P80). According to the video we bang the world according to Monsanto. Its a very dangerous phenomenon. They want the public to believe they commit supererogatory acts. We are present several scenarios where Monsantos influence on FDA and other restrictive agencies has helped them to continue their un-ethical business practices.Hinman said what is fair for one should be fair for all. Monsanto doesnt care other things just want to get maximum cabbage with all the possible methods. This is all about money. More money is selling GMO foods to other countries that are willing to pay large amounts of money. Maybe local and fundamental foods are healthy but there is no market for them. Monsanto make a decision which is opposite to Kantian ethics. Monsanto ingests to know we should to keep promises flush when we dont want to do.As we seen in the videos, we know no matter the starting point is moral or Kantian ethics, Monsanto and its subsidiaries made some wrong decisions. Social Contract Theory Social contract theory is the view that persons moral. Social contract theory is rightly associated with sophisticated moral and it is also a theory or model. Thomas Hobbs said where there is no common power there is no law, where no law, no Injustice (Driver, P102). He believed that human beings were motivated by self-interest.This document which Monsanto have claims that it has evolved from long-standing commitments to safety, environmental protection, customer service, first-class research, and product stewardship (Robin, 2008). Monsantos document is total lie. Farmers also need to sign an agreement when they want to grow the GMO food from Monsanto. Monsanto does believe that they are ethically right in suing a small farmer in send to preserve the balance of the farming community as a whole. Monsanto is using everyone to monopolize food and in the end with the ultimate power over everyone.I think I dont any great idea to solve this big problem. According to the video, I think just hope Monsanto doesnt decide to grow marijuana. They cant mass produce organic foods any better than they can keep Wall Street on track. We know the products which Monsanto produced should not exist. These products cant help us to make a better world. According to this theory we know first we must be guarantees that people will not harm each other, and people must be able to rely on the other to keep their agreements. Absolutely, Monsanto doesnt obey the theory. closedownThrough the discussion about Contemporary Consequentialism, Kantian Ethics and Social Contract Theory , We know Monsanto didnt make a good decision mingled with money and moral, and the FDA also help Monsanto to lie to their people. These harmful products and illegal documents must be stopped by government. Sometimes we can find the problems, but they are difficult to solve. GMO products are an awesome invention, and I think it can change our life. People are wrong, Monsanto is wrong. Monsanto cannot find an equilibrium point between ethics and business, or we can say money and moral.Many people and company were destroyed by the profit. We need to find a great equilibrium point and it will help us to work better and will not lose ourselves. Reference Hinman, L Ph. D. (2002) Basic moral orientations overview. Power Point, Univerity of San Diego, San Diego, CA Driver, J. (2007). God and tender Nature. Ethics The Fundamentals (pp. 22-39). Malden, MA Blackwell. Weston, A. (2007). Creative problem-solving in ethics. New York, NY Oxford University Press. http//www. iep. utm. edu/soc-con t/.

Chinas Environmental Issues Essay Example for Free

mainland chinas Environmental Issues EssayChina has many environmental issues, severely bear on its biophysical environment as well as human health. Rapid industrialization as well as lax environmental oversight have contributed to the problems. The Chinese government has acknowledged the problems and made various responses, resulting in some improvements, but the responses have been criticized as inadequate. As of 2012 there is increased citizen activism regarding government decisions which are comprehend as being environmentally damaging. (Wikipedia)As Chinas economic growth continues to blossom in 2007, with the countries GDP hitting 11. 4%, alongside China gets hit by an environmental crisis. Sixteen of the worlds twenty most polluted cities are in China. Experts say the Chinese government has made serious efforts to make clean up and achieved many of the bid commitments. Beijings pledge to host a Green Olympics in the summer of 2008 signaled the countrys willingness to a ddress its environmental problems for example. However, an environmentally sustainable growth rate remains a serious challenge for the country. (http//www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608)Chinas major environmental issues * Water- China suffers from wet shortage and water pollution. About one-third of Chinas population lacks access to clean drinking water. s part of its effort to harness the nations water supply, China has a large dam-building program with over twenty-five thousand dams nationwidemore than any other nation. The dam projects are not only a high cost in terms of money, but also in farmland loss, ecological damage, and forced migration of millions of people, says the Woodrow Wilson Centers Jennifer L. Turner, director of its China Environment Forum, in a report for the Jamestown Foundation.* Land- Desertification in China leads to the loss of about 5,800 square miles of grasslands every year, an area roughly the size of Connecticut. The Worldwatch Ins titute, an environmental watchdog and research organization, reports that excessive farm cultivation, particularly overgrazing, is one of the principal causes of desertification. As the deforestation grows, so do the number of sandstorms a hundred were expected between 2000 and 2009. Desertification also contributes to Chinas air pollution problems, with increasing dust causation a third of Chinas air pollution.* Greenhouse gases- In 2008, China surpassed the United States as the largest global emitter of greenhouse gases by volume. (Not per capita however) The increase in Chinas emissions is primarily collectible to the countrys reliance on coal, which accounts for over two-thirds of its energy consumption, contributing to sulfur dioxide emissions causing acid rain.

Jean Piagets Theory Essay Example for Free

Jean Piagets Theory Es studyPiagets theory is based on stages, whereby each stage represents a qualitatively different compositors case of thinking. Children in stage one dismissnot think the same as children in stage 2, 3 or 4 etc. Transitions from one stage to another ar generally very fast, and the stages always follow an invariant sequence. Another important characteristic of his stage theory is that they argon universal the stages bequeath work for everyone in the world regardless of their differences (except their age, of course, which is what the stages are based on) Piaget acknowledged that there is an interaction between a child and the environment, and this is a focal point for his theory. He believed a child cannot learn unless they are constantly interacting with their environment, making mistakes and then culture from them. He defined children as lone scientists he did not give away any need for teachers or adults in cognitive development. Children affirm all the cognitive mechanisms to learn on their receive, and the interaction with their environment allows them to do so. To put this in perspective, another theory by Lev Vygotsky suggested that the interaction is not important at all the child will learn when encouraged to with an adults assistance. I will be explaining then contrasting Vygotskys theory to Piagets in my next post so be sure to check stern for that With the background of his theory explained, lets look at The Key Concepts of Piagets theoryBefore explaining the main part of Piagets theory (the quatern stages), its very important to look at or so of the underlying principles behind it. Rather than write a stupidly long paragraph explaining it all, I will write the key terms in bold, then explain them in bullet points just to keep things simple Schema (pl. Schemata, although some say Schemas for the plural) Possibly one of the most important concepts put forward by Piaget, Schemata help individuals understand the wor ld they inhabit. They are cognitive structures that represent a authentic persuasion of the world, and can be seen as categories which have certain pre-conceived ideas in them. For example, my schema for Christmas includes Christmas trees, presents, giving, money, green, red, gold, winter, Santa Claus etc. Someone else may have an entirely different schema, much(prenominal) as Jesus, birth, Church, holiday, Christianity etc.Of course, there are schemata for all kinds of things yourself (self schemata), other people (people schemata), events/situations (event schemata) and roles/occupations (role schemata). With regards to Piagets theory, a child cleverness have a pre-conceived schema for a hot dog. If the ho white plaguehold has a small West Highland White Terrier as a dog, the schema might be small, furry, four legs, white. When the child interacts with a raw(a) dog perhaps a Labrador, it will change to incorporate the new in beation, much(prenominal) as big, golden, smoot h etc. This is known as concentrationSimply the process of incorporating new schooling into a pre-existing schema. So with the dog example, the child assimilated the Labradors breeding into the old dog schema. Assimilation is basically fitting new information into schemata we already have in place. Unfortunately, this can lead to stereotyping. For example, if an old lady sees a teenager mug another person, she might assimilate violence or crime into her teenage schema. Next time she sees a teenager, her schema will be applied to them and although they may be a kind person, she will probably show prejudice. Assimilation is normally a simple process, as new information already fits the pre-exisiting categories.AccommodationWhen coming crossways a new object for the first time, a child will attempt to apply an old schema to the object. For consistency, lets use the dog example again. The child may have four legs, furry in their dog schema. When coming across another similar animal , such as a cat, they might say Look, a dog thats assimilation. However, when told that its actually a cat not a dog they will accommodate the new information into another schema. They will now form a cat schema not all four legged furry animals are dogs some are cats too. They have accommodated the new information. The process just mentioned of assimilation then accommodation is known as AdaptationAssimilation and accommodation are the two parts of adaptation which is simply what it says adapting our schemata to make an accurate (enough) model of the world we live in. It is a form of learning, but an entirely different form to the kind youd see in behaviourist psychology for example (such as operant/classical conditioning).EquilibriumPiaget suggested that humans naturally strive to make a cognitive balance there must be a balance between applying prior knowledge (assimilation) and changing schemata to account for new information (accommodation). Piaget suggested that when a child has a schema which doesnt fit reality, there is tension in the mind. By balancing the use of assimilation and accommodation, this tension is trim and we can proceed to higher levels of thought and learning (equilibration).QUICK SUMMARY Children have schemata (cognitive structures that contain pre-existing ideas of the world), which are constantly changing. Schemata constantly undergo adaptation, by the processes of assimilation and accommodation. When seeing new objects there is a state of tension, and a child will attempt to assimilate the information to see if it fits into prior schemata. If this fails, the information must be accommodated by either adding new schemata or modifying the existing ones to accommodate the information. By balancing the use of assimilation and accommodation, an equilibrium is created, reducing cognitive tension (equilibration).Vygotskys theories stress the funda psychical role of social interaction in the development of cognition Vygotsky, 1978 ), as he believed strongly that community plays a fundamental role in the process of making meaning. Unlike Piagets notion that childrens development must necessarily precede their learning, Vygotsky argued, learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function (1978, p. 90). In other words, social learning tends to precede (i.e. come before) development. Vygotsky has developed a socio-cultural approach to cognitive development. He developed his theories at around the same time as Jean Piaget was starting to develop his theories (1920s and 30s), but he died at the age of 38 and so his theories are incomplete although some of his writings are still being translated from Russian. No single principle (such as Piagets equilibration) can account for development.Individual development cannot be understood without reference to the social and cultural context within which it is embedded. Higher mental proc esses in the individual have their origin in social processes. Vygotskys theory differs from that of Piaget in a number of important ways 1 Vygotsky places to a greater extent emphasis on culture touch/shaping cognitive development this contradicts Piagets view of universal stages and content of development. (Vygotsky does not refer to stages in the way that Piaget does). 2 Vygotsky places considerably more emphasis on social factors contributing to cognitive development (Piaget is criticised for underestimating this). 3 Vygotsky places more (and different) emphasis on the role of language in cognitive development (again Piaget is criticised for lack of emphasis on this).Effects of Culture Tools of intellectual adaptationLike Piaget, Vygotsky claimed that infants are born with the basic materials/abilities for intellectual development Piaget focuses on motor reflexes and sensory abilities. Vygotsky refers to round-eyed Mental Functions o Attentiono Sensationo Perceptiono Memor yEventually, through interaction within the socio-cultural environment, these are developed into more sophisticated and effective mental processes/strategies which he refers to as Higher Mental Functions. For example, memory in young children this is limited by biological factors. However, culture determines the type of memory strategy we develop. E.g., in our culture we learn note-taking to aid memory, but in pre-literate societies other strategies must be developed, such as tying knots in string to remember, or carrying pebbles, or repetition of the names of ancestors until large numbers can be repeated.Vygotsky refers to tools of intellectual adaptation these allow children to use the basic mental functions more effectively/adaptively, and these are culturally determined (e.g. memory mnemonics, mind maps). Vygotsky therefore sees cognitive functions, even those carried out alone, as affected by the beliefs, determine and tools of intellectual adaptation of the culture in which a person develops and therefore socio-culturally determined. The tools of intellectual adaptation therefore vary from culture to culture as in the memory exampleSocial Influences on Cognitive DevelopmentLike Piaget, Vygotsky believes that young children are curious and actively involved in their own learning and the discovery and development of new understands/schema. However, Vygotsky placed more emphasis on social contributions to the process of development, whereas Piaget emphasised self-initiated discovery. According to Vygotsky (1978), much important learning by the child occurs through social interaction with a skillful tutor. The tutor may model behaviours and/or provide verbal instructions for the child. Vygotsky refers to this as co-operative or collaborative dialogue. The child seeks to understand the actions or instructions provided by the tutor (often the parent or teacher) then internalizes the information, using it to guide or regulate their own performance. Shaffer (1996) gives the example of a young girl who is given her first jigsaw.Alone, she performs poorly in attempting to solve the puzzle. The start out then sits with her and describes or demonstrates some basic strategies, such as finding all the comer/edge pieces and provides a couple of pieces for the child to put together herself and offers hike when she does so. As the child becomes more competent, the father allows the child to work more independently. According to Vygotsky, this type of social interaction involving co-operative or collaborative dialogue promotes cognitive development. In order to gain an understanding of Vygotskys theories on cognitive development, one must understand two of the main principles of Vygotskys work the much Knowledgeable Other (MKO) and the Zone of proximal Development (ZPD).More Knowledgeable OtherThe more knowledgeable other (MKO) is somewhat self-explanatory it refers to someone who has a better understanding or a higher capability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. Although the implication is that the MKO is a teacher or an older adult, this is not necessarily the case. Many times, a childs peers or an adults children may be the individuals with more knowledge or experience. For example, who is more likely to know more about the newest teen-age music groups, how to win at the most recent PlayStation game, or how to correctly perform the newest dance craze a child or their parents? In fact, the MKO need not be a person at all.Some companies, to support employees in their learning process, are now using electronic performance support systems. Electronic tutors have also been used in educational settings to facilitate and guide students through the learning process. The key to MKOs is that they must have (or be programmed with) more knowledge about the topic being lettered than the learner does.Zone of Proximal DevelopmentThe concept of the More Knowledgeable Other is integra lly related to the second important principle of Vygotskys work, the Zone of Proximal Development. This is an important concept that relates to the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. For example, the child could not solve the jigsaw puzzle (in the example above) by itself and would have taken a long time to do so (if at all), but was able to solve it following interaction with the father, and has developed competence at this skill that will be applied to succeeding(a) jigsaws.Vygotsky (1978) sees the Zone of Proximal Development as the area where the most sensitive instruction or guidance should be given allowing the child to develop skills they will then use on their own developing higher mental functions. Vygotsky also views interaction with peers as an effective way of developing skills and strategies. He suggests that teachers use cooperative learning exercises where le ss competent children develop with help from more skillful peers within the zone of proximal development.

Comparing Different Versions Of Batman Film Studies Essay

Comparing Different Versions Of Batman Film Studies EssayMy aim for this test is to analyse and comp be different versions of the Batman get. Ive decided to comp atomic number 18 the 1966 Batman to the 1989 Batman and The Dark Knight, which was released in 2008. I wish to look at how these needs have been made, how Batmans reputation has changed over the geezerhood and how they compare to the original gay books.Batman made his first appearance in Detective Comics in 1939 he was the caped crusader who went against the criminals of the underworld who killed his parents. In the early comics, the drawings showed a grim t peerless and nourish use of bold blocks of black ink (Sabin, 1996, p.61). However, later on the comics were progressively lightened in order to draw a jr. relationship a trend which culminated in the 1960s where the comics became en multitude comedies to reflect the amazingly successful television serial (Sabin, 1996, pp. 61-62).Wikipedia (2008) Man Who Laughs Onl ine Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ shootManwholaughs.jpg (Accessed 3rd December 2010)BD Comics (1999) Batman- No Mans Land Online Available at http//bdcomics.bdgamers.net/2007/06/13/batman-no-mans-land/ (Accessed 3rd December 2010)The 1966 Batman was a film adaptation of the 60s TV series it had cipher of $1,377,800. In the film, there are no shots of skyscrapers or any buildings that resemble the scenery in the comic books. The dress ups in this film are basic the villains are all dressed in suits and Batman and Robins costumes look cheaply made, compared to the most recent film this shows the difference in budget. The assimilate-up is very basic the Joker has a ghostly white face and red drawn on smile no prosthetics are used on him. The Penguin has a prosthetic nose to make it freakishly long and pointy, however the rest of the suits have normal day to day make-up on.The fight scenes in the film are unrealistic, fake punches are thrown between characters, with word s such as URKK and OUCH entering the shot is big lettersThe TV show was definitely dopey, comedy and slapstick modify for anything remotely violent or suspenseful. It even offered the surreal bonk/zap title cards to amplify the fun. (Gibron, 2008)This makes the fighting look comical and amusing. However it does hold the comic book style of fighting and was what was acceptable to be shown in the film and TV series at the time.Still from TV 1960s series Batman (1966) Batman Generation Batman 1960s TV Series Online Available at http//movie-collections-on-dvd.blogspot.com/ (Accessed 10th November 2010)The sidekick Robin appears in this film. I think his presence makes Batman look slight macho, it implies that he needs back up, this may have been the reason he wasnt written into the series of films that followed decades later. In comparison to films today it is very naive, in wiz scene a very toy expression shark is used as a prop and in the Bat cave every instrument or piece of e quipment is labelled.Heath, R (2008) The Dark Knight 2010 Online Available at http//www.ferdyonfilms.com/?m=200807 (Accessed 3rd December 2010)Clara, H (2010) Entertainment Online Available at http//www.mylifetime.com/ life style/entertainment/lewis-wilson-michael-keaton-and-val-kilmer-batman (Accessed 3rd December 2010)In 1989 Batman was released, it was the first of a series of feature films starring Batman which were produced by the Warner Bros it had a budget of $35,000,000. This film strayed away from the 1966 camp version, Beyond Hollywood emphasises this point by sayingBefore 1989, unless you were an avid comic book reader, you probably viewed Batman as a clownish superhero, trading punches and quips with with child(p) guys with his y erupthful assistant Robin faithfully at his side. He was campy, a bit dull, and never dangerous. That is, until the summer of 1989, when Tim Burton arrived to changed all that. (Beyond Hollywood, 2004)Gotham City is dark and gothic looking the buildings are dingy and old. The shapes of the buildings resemble the comic book images they dont look like any usual American urban center. Lots of smoke is used in the view, it reminds me of backdrops in a theatre production.The joker also matches very well with the comic book illustrations the make-up cleverly allows the actor to have a fixed smile. He puts on a show and prides himself on being theatrical, using joke shop type gags, i.e. a flower that squirts poisonous gas and a bell shape which he attaches to his hand to electrocute his victim. The music, which is often played as a backing to the joker, is almost the same as you might hear in the circus, everything approximately it is comical.Neumaier, J. (2008) Jack Nicholson warned Health Ledger on Joker roleOnline.Available at http//www.nydaily parole.com/news/2008/01/24/2008-01-24_jack_nicholson_warned_heath_ledger_on_jo.html (Accessed 31 October 2010)Newsrecord. (2008)Heath Ledger Was Changed by playing The JokerOnline. Available at http//www.inoutstar.com/news/Heath-Ledger-Was-Changed-by-Playing-The-Joker-6583.htmlnimg_16437 (Accessed 31 October 2010)The Dark Knight (2008) was directed by Christopher Nolan and had a budget of $185,000,000. When writing the film, screenwriter David S. Goyer took influences from a few comic books rather than just one. In an interview he saidI think that there are elements from The Dark Knight, elements from The Long Halloween, elements from The Killing Joke. But its not like we were specifically adapting one specific comic book or comic book arc. (Goyer, 2008)In this film the joker has apprentices who are masked like clowns. These masks are very eery they allow the characters to be emotionless and cold only showing the single expression that is drawn on their mask.Batmans fight scenes are bold and highly choreographed this is a big contrast to the jokers style of fighting, which is very rash. This film is dominated by the Joker character his scarred face is messily covered with make-up with child(p) him a clown-like persona. This persona is confirmed by his greasy, green tinged hair, black eyes, smudged roughly outwards and his red creepy smile. His drawn on smile is covering duncical badly raised scars. The white make-up which covers his face is uneven and always looks worn. His costumes are odd, purple velvet suits with a green shirt this allows him to stand out against others, who mainly wear classic suits. Costume Designer, Lindy Hemming, wanted to create a younger trendier look, in order to represent Ledgers generation(Hemming, 2008). This costume also matches the comic books. His character is fearless and chillingly calm I think this creates a great atmosphere and carries the film.Sound has a huge impact on this version of the film dramatic music is played in the background, ticking noises are also frequently used, symbolising the rapid passing of time. However there are a few shots in the film which have no backing music or noise for that matter this is a big contrast to the rest of the film and cleverly creates a maximum impact. One particular shot is of the Joker hanging himself out of a stolen police car that he is driving, I visualize this scene very chilling.After watching a documentary about the composers thoughts behind some of the music, I learnt that the gravids are based on the Joker characterShots and clips were used to produce music that matched the jokers movements and personality. Punk influences were used and tones and noises were produced using two clashing notes of the cello, to give the feel of razorblades. (Zimmer, 2008)The sounds are unsettling and the composer wanted to create a sound which demonstrated rising tension.Uhlich, K (2008) Trickster Heaven, Two Face Hell The Dark Knight Online Available at http//www.slantmagazine.com/house/2008/07/trickster-heaven-two-faced-hell-the-dark-knight/ (Accessed 3rd December 2010) other hugely important character is Harvey Dent. He is Gothams golden boy who, by the end of the film, thanks to the Jokers words I took Gothams white knight and brought him down, has been turned into a villain, Two Face. The effects for Two Face were created using digital make-up, in other words high use of CGI.A lot of shots in the setting are of buildings, the camera pans high above lots of skyscrapers as a link between scenes. The villains seemto always be lit darkly, where the lighting has a blue tinge.In conclusion, as the decades pass, technology improves and the budget for the films increase, which I think is due to the increase in film popularity. Each film stays true(a) to the comics in different ways the 1966 Batman is most like the comics in the fight scenes where they are quite graphical, with sounds entering the screen in text. However the make-up and costume doesnt match up and doesnt give enough of an impact. The 1989 Batman does match very well to the comic book images, make-up and costume-wise. It also has a great set which matches the buildings of Gotham city and really gives a feel that they are living in the comics. The Dark Knights special effects are by far the best and in my effect I think the acting is best in this film.The joker is a crucial character in all three versions, particularly 1989 Batman and The Dark Knight. It is a matter of personal opinion which version is the best, however I agree with Slant magazine in preferring Health Ledgers chilling versionEighteen geezerhood after Jack Nicholsons over-praised, distinctly Jack-ish personification of the dastardly purple-clad jester in Tim Burtons Batman, Ledger returns the character to his demented The Killing Joke graphic novel roots, incantation up a transfixing, indelible portrait of our worst terrorist-extremist nightmares. (Schager, 2008)The Dark Knights acting and gothic feel matches well with the original comics, before they were made more camp to match the 1960s audience. The make-up takes a different direction to avoid copying Tim Burton s film, this however meant they needed to steer away slightly from the comic books. Overall, in order to achieve the perfect film version of the batman comics, you would need to combine, 1989s make-up, costume and set with The Dark Knights music, special effects and acting.