Tone and Point of View in William Faulkner’s The Unvanquished :: Unvanquished Essays

Tone and Point of View in William Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Everybody sooner or later in their lives have thought back upon their past and reviewed either a lovely or troubled memory that carries tears to their eyes. In the novel â€Å" Unvanquished William Faulkner makes a character named Bayard who reviews when he was kid during the time of the common war. In spite of the fact that Faulkner gives perusers little data about Bayard we become familiar with a few things about his life during that time and about the individuals who were available in his life. Faulkner all through the account of the Unvanquished utilized a few composing strategies in permitting perusers to realize that the fundamental character is a developed man thinking back upon his youth. First by the tone he sets all through the story and last composing the story in the principal individual. Establishing the pace to a specific bit of composing can be a troublesome errand one which Faulkner never experiences a lot of difficulty with. While perusing the â€Å"Unvanquishedâ⠂¬  a peruser never dismisses the sentiments and wants of the principle character present in this short story at some random time. Because of the way that this story is written in the primary individual perspective perusers are not given a lot of chance to genuinely know the considerations and sentiments of different characters present in this story too. For instance, in the part named Ambuscade perusers are acquainted with Bayard father John Sartortis. Who has all the earmarks of being a sort, dedicated man who satisfies the entirety of his masculine obligations as a dad, child and chief? Be that as it may, upon closer assessment of the content the peruser find this portrayal to be to some degree bogus in light of the fact that in spite of the fact that Bayard see his dad as such one of his slaves doesn't. When leaving the Sartortis property Loosh a slave get some information about the whereabouts of her child and why he wasn’t around to give and deal with his family during when they required him most?

Concept Of Kesban Be Still

Idea Of Kesban Be Still TO WHICH EXTENT WOULD THE CONCEPT OF KESBAN BE STILL RELEVANTIN THE YEAR 2020? Examine Presentation The abbreviation KESBAN is the blend of two Malay words which is represent ‘Keselamatan dan Pembangunan or security/guard and advancement. KESBAN characterized as the aggregate of measures embraced by all administration organizations to shield and fortify the general public from disruption, wilderness and insurgency.It was presented formally by the late Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak receptacle Hussein in 1971 when the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) turned into a significant wellspring of concern and irritation to the legislature because of uncertain condition made by the CPM. In this manner, KESBAN Belt presented by National Security Council Directive No 11 on fifth Feb 1980 included region of 24km south of Malaysia-Thailand fringe with the length of 580km. Foundation Idea of KESBAN KESBAN idea underscore on two most significant viewpoints, Internal Security (IS) and inward turn of events (IDEV). The IS perspective is the area of the furnished and formally dressed (military and police) while the IDEV principally includes all the common administrative offices duties towards the improvement in the nation. IS accentuating on full scope of measures taken by the security powers to shield the general public from disruption, rebellion and revolt through the direct of strategic tasks to wreck the Communist Terrorist (CTs) and their whole network.IDEV underscoring on the action that driving towards the fulfillment of adjusted social, political and financial improvement as a component of country building.The strategic activities led by the security powers intended to set up control of the challenged zones and will help the usage of IDEV exercises by the others government offices. Procedure of KESBAN KESBAN, as talked about in applied terms, might be put in helpful point of view by review KESBAN methodology as being made out of three reliant segments, adjusted turn of events, preparation, and balance. Adjusted Development. Endeavors to accomplish national objectives through adjusted political, social, and financial turn of events. It incorporates exercises to ease dissatisfaction by giving chances to people and gatherings inside the general public. Assembly. Incorporates all exercises to rouse and sort out the masses on the side of the administration through KESBAN programs just as exercises to shield the people from extremist activities. Balance. Incorporates every single legal action to upset, scatter, and annihilation a radical association. Vision 2020 Vision 2020 was presented by Tun Dr Mahathir container Mohamad (fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia) in 1991. A definitive target that pointed is to change Malaysia from creating nation to completely created nation constantly 2020. There are nine provokes that need to defeat with the end goal for state to accomplish the mission. Conversation The Communist Party of Malaya has given up on second Dec 1989 because of the absence of help from the individuals who are not certainty with their struggle.The CPMs gave up additionally marked the accomplishment of KESBAN idea in battling the insurrection. The fall of CPM in Malaysia draw the KESBAN idea towards the new measurement. Anyway the idea was still stayed in term of duties by the entirety of the administration organizations involved.â It is difficult to accomplish advancement without steadiness inside. It just can accomplish with the national solidarity. The military essential jobs at present is to shield our sway from outer danger while the others government organizations concentrated to build up the nation. The optional jobs of military are to help the Royal Malaysian Police and other common experts in the upkeep of open request. In time of national calamity, the military would constantly contribute and help the common expert in national development.â THE RELEVANCE CONCEPTS OF KESBAN The significance idea of KESBAN will be look and talked about into two angles , which are Internal Security and Internal Development. Inside Security Factor will cover under Internal Security as follows: Knowledge. The ceaseless get-together smart data is fundamental in Internal Security. Despite the fact that the CPM has been given up, the new sort of fear based oppressor could exist, for example, Jemaah Islamiah and Al Maunah in year 2001. The foundation of Military Intelligent Officer and Police Special Branch inside the territory of duty was the best precautionary measure. Strategic Operations.The strategic activities by the military particularly inside Malaysia-Thailand Border are as yet staying until today. Anyway the standard powers just sent in out of reach region in the profound wilderness, for example, in Kedah and Perak. The remainder of the region inside the KESBAN Belt keeping an eye on by the Border Security Force which was presented in 2007. At the present time the danger is changes from CPM to non customary danger like medication carrying, human dealing, rice pirating and others. Psyops/Psywar. Those days CPM was directed genuinely activity utilizing printed flyer so as to win support from the supporter. Right nowâ the thousand years dangers will be progressively confused, the will utilize informations and innovation, for example, web and online journals as a stage for spread their propagandas.â To conquer this difficult government utilize a broad communications, for example, TV, paper, board and make some demonstration like Information Act so as to forestall the new innovation has being control by the threat.â Metro Action. Urban activity is a significant contributing component in building up a positive picture of the legislature according to individuals. The military jobs right now actualized through the program TenteraMasukDesa or GerakanJiwaMurni under the Military Civic Action venture which centering in provincial zones. They use idea gotongroyongto developed the house,â clean the mosque and the sea shore. More than that, military clinical division additionally assume their job when go to country zone and give a free treatment to the poor residents. This activity really can give a decent recognition for the administration and reinforce their help from rustic zone. Interior Development Factors under Internal Development as follows: Political Stability.The idea of national front which incorporates the three principle ideological groups has been advanced through development and sober mindedness of the political turn of events. Political strength influences national security in Malaysia since any shakiness will achieve inner weakness and a large group of different components that will debilitate the state, for example, financial specialist certainty and joblessness subsequently causing a monetary log jam. Social Development.Social advancement depends on disposition and worth changes to a more prominent degree than is vital in either political or financial turn of events. Presentation of 1Malaysia idea by current Prime Minister, Dato Seri Mohd Najib container Tun Hj Abdul Razak in 2009 was the initial step taken to achieve the principal challenges towards vision 2020 technique. This idea required the exertion from all administration offices to execute it. Economy.National solidarity remains a definitive objective of financial improvement in light of the fact that the legislature understood that an assembled society is key to the advancement of social and political solidness and continued turn of events. Vision 2020 won't be accomplished if the advancement of economy stale. In any case, National Economic Advisory Council (NEAC) delegated by the Prime Minister was the most significant gathering to screen the monetary turn of events. End After socialist revolt consider disposed of on Dec 1989, inside security andâ inner advancement must be ceaselessly progress. All security viewpoint (inside security) must be kept up and upgrading in like manner so as to confronting the danger in this new globalization period. Advancement is a constant plan of the legislature to change Malaysia from creating nation to created nation in the year 2020. Improvement can't be acknowledged without the assurance of security. Along these lines, base on the idea of security referenced above, idea of KESBAN is still significance in the year 2020 yet with the distinction approach. The thing that matters is just the point of the methodology where during first started, KESBAN was to counter the socialist insurrection, while now it is a piece of counter measure to keep up the develop the dynamic improvement of the country.

Experts Tips on How to Write A Business Report Effectively

Experts Tips on How to Write A Business Report Effectively The business report is the most crucial component in the management courses. The students are skilled in many kinds of business reports and the method to approach these reports. They should know how to write a business report effectively. Report writing is deliberated as a significant aspect of the management student. The students are skilled in the method to approach the report succinctly. And clearly by providing appropriate evidence about the content. How to Write Your Business Report Summary How to Write Your Business ReportTypes of Business ReportInformal Business ReportInformative Business ReportVerbatim Business ReportsProblem Solving Business ReportImportance or purpose of Business ReportMaking DecisionsCommunication with Outside StakeholdersDeveloping LaborA General Business Report Format GuidelineEssential Things for Writing Business ReportMistakes to Avoid in Business ReportThe Correct FormatThe Mistake in Analysis and EvaluationConclusion Now that you take planned and you know the contents, you should know how to write. Your writing must be logical and clear. Your report must be easy for the students to read. You must take care of the following points to write successfully: use proper main headings and subheadingswrite the professionally business report with a simple sentence with a small paragraphUse verbalized space and fonts through your authority.Add page no. on each page.Create tables, figures, footnotes, and appendices. Types of Business Report Formal Business Reports: the formal business reports are ready in a certain format. And they are accessible to the authorities in a now established manner. Informal Business Report The informal business reports are ready in a suitable format that is suitable for the reporter. And obtainable to the required person directly after demand. These reports should present in the form of a Business Letter or a memorandum. Informative Business Report These are kinds of Business reports that are prepared through the purpose of providing complete information in an expressive way. That addresses is a specific issue or a problem or situation. Verbatim Business Reports The report is ready by secretaries or several other individuals. That record word to word discussions. That is made in the conference is called Verbatim reports. Problem Solving Business Report As the name recommends, problem-solving business reports help to solve a problem by recommending or suggesting a plan of action regarding a specific condition. The report also contains reasons for such problems, and the conclusion is done in various techniques. That may adopt to solve the problems. Importance or purpose of Business Report Transmitting Information: a Business report is most significant for transmitting information from one place to another or one person to another person. Making Decisions The business report is used for decision making in all types of business organizations. Communication with Outside Stakeholders As well as internal use, reports also interconnect information to the outside stakeholders. likewise creditors, customers, shareholders suppliers, government officials, and several regulatory organizations. Developing Labor Management Relationship: the business report is to provide help for developing the relationship between the team in the business organization. Because of the relationship in the team members is most important for business growth. A General Business Report Format Guideline Title: it is a main part of the business report. In which add the topic name and add your name, course, the professors name, university name.Content: You only essential to add a Contents page in a simple report that is complex or long.An Executive Summary: This adds the main point related to the business report.Introduction: introduce information about your topic.Methodology: describe the research methods.Finding: represent the outcome of your business report.Conclusion: conclude your topic and discuss future research according to your point of view. Essential Things for Writing Business Report Spellings, Grammar, and facts must be accurate.Make sure to use a consistent voice (passive or Active).Every business organization, university/college may have its report format, and it’s always better to use the format recommended by your business organization. Mistakes to Avoid in Business Report The Correct Format The student must follow the correct format of making a business report. All the several components that are a part of the report as a table of contents. Introduction, executive summary, and body of the report in addition to the conclusion should include in the report. The report must take a proper cover page. That must be able to deliver the reader knowledge about the topic that is deliberate in the report. The Mistake in Analysis and Evaluation The expert necessity to be able to assume a proper analysis and evaluation of the topic that you may discuss in the report. The analysis needs in-depth research about the topic and then finding out the conclusions. Besides, the report must deliver recommendations after analytically evaluating the topic. That must support through an adequate literature review. Conclusion To writing your business report, it takes more time. The above information helps you in solving your problem related to writing a business report. All step guide assists you in writing your business report. When you are writing a business report, so you are facing any problems related to the business report. Thus we are providing the solution of the business report. And solving all types of queries related to the business report. You can get the best business report writing help from our company.

Victor Frankenstein Monster Essay - 1409 Words

In Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein creates a creature, stronger and better than humans in every way except his looks. After Frankenstein abandons him, the Creature meets the De Lacey’s, a nice little family that indirectly teach him how to read and write. In truth, the Creature only becomes a monster after the hatred that Felix, one of the De Lacey’s, shows him. Before, he had done nothing wrong, but afterwards, all he did was fall down a slippery slope. When the Creature first started living near the De Lacey’s, he was innately good and humble. He believed that they were greater than him and could not understand why anybody would look as sad as the De Lacey’s seemed. All he wanted to do was make life better for them,†¦show more content†¦Since the De Lacey’s were such superior beings, the Creature believed that all influence that would come from them would be positive and greatly help him to develop and become accepted b y all humans. The Creature is innately good and so he spends all of his time dreaming about how he would, â€Å"first win their favor, and afterwards their love.† The De Lacey’s are the Creature’s first step into being accepted by all humans, and all he can think about is being affected by them to become more like them in order to finally be regarded as a human and live happily. The Creature was so innately pure when he first moved in near the De Lacey’s house that he could not possibly conceive man s idea of doing evil. The Creature could not believe that man, as amazing as it is, could feel something as disgusting as revenge. He believed that there was no way that someone could be driven to such an extent that they would feel the need to kill someone else. These wonderful narrations inspired me with strange feelings. Was man, indeed, at once so powerful, so virtuous and magnificent, yet so vicious and base? He appeared at one time a mere scion of the evil principle, and at another as all that can be conceived of noble and godlike. To be a great and virtuous man appeared the highest honour that can befall a sensitive being; to be base and vicious, as many on record have been, appeared the lowest degradation, a condition more abject than that of the blind mole or harmless worm.Show MoreRelatedVictor Frankenstein Monster Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesmemorable Gothic story of Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, greatly emphasizes the incredible creation of Victor Frankenstein’s monster, which greatly distinguishes her publication from others of its generation due to the monster’s unique characteristics and expressions of personality. The monster is known to cause destruction within the lives of Victor and his family, but these actions seem to have a justified cause. Within Shelly’s exceptional novel, the horrific monster is intentionally displayedRead MoreVictor and the Monster are Reciprocals in Frankenstein Essay522 Words   |  3 Pagesthe novel Frankenstein. One of these themes is that the monster and Victor are reciprocals. They were always and always will be linked. They are related in many different ways. In the following paragraphs I have mentioned four of them. One of these ways is that they are both isolated from society. The monster is isolated because of his physical features. Because he is ugly he is a social outcast. Victor isolates himself twice in the novel, when he is creating his two monsters. The firstRead MoreThemes Of Alienation In Frankenstein1294 Words   |  6 PagesThrough Frankenstein by Mary Shelley as well as Skim by Mariko Tamaki and Jillian Tamaki, themes of alienation are projected throughout both texts. Frankenstein in comparison to Skim is one that must look over the different mediums used to portray ideas , furthermore, it is important to focus on the themes of exclusion and alienation present within both texts. In this essay, I will discuss themes of alienation throughout the two texts Skim, as well as Frankenstein with the consideration of: PetscheRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 PagesShelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. Shelleys essay is less concrete therefore wont bore the reader. Shelleys essay is also more effectiveRead MoreThe Monster Is Responsible For The Death Of Many People911 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein Essay A monster is responsible for the death of many people. Who is more sinful? the monster himself, or the creator of the monster? Although the monster is the sinful murderer, the creator has evaded his responsibilities of containing the monster he has created. Thus, making the creator the more sinful advocate. In the book â€Å"Frankenstein†, written by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein, a young, curious man filled with aspirations to create a living monster has accomplished the unthinkableRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe following essay is a book review of Frankenstein, which summarizes and evaluates the story. The purpose of this essay is to describe the two important qualities, which are the overview of the plot (including the characters of the book), and the book’s strengths as well as weaknesses. Frankenstein was written by Mary Shelley and is about a young man named Victor who creates his own human through multiple ty pes of science. The novel is about the monster’s journey in understanding where he cameRead MoreDiscuss the Significance of Father Figures in Frankenstein1703 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance of father-figures in Frankenstein Frankenstein is a story of science gone dreadfully amiss. Shelley offers depth and meaning to Frankenstein by presenting (sometimes covertly so) insinuations of failed father and son relationships littered throughout the story. The most obvious relationship in this story is that between Victor Frankenstein and his monster, however, there are other characters in the story that present themselves as father-figures. In this essay, I will endeavour to discussRead MoreHarold Blooms Analusis of Frankenstein Essay693 Words   |  3 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein to find true meaning. Throughout his essay, he gives answers to the lingering question of who the real monster is. He also paints a clear picture of a major theme in the novel, the Romantic mythology of the self. Through reading his essay, it opens up new light to Mary Shelleys novel. It gives new meaning to the monster and his creator. Basically Harold Bloom begins his essay by explaining how Frankenstein to most of us is the name of the monster rather than hisRead MorePortrayal Of Women In Frankenstein1096 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley s Frankenstein is one of the most iconic classic works of fiction from the nineteenth century. Frankenstein tells the tale of Victor Frankenstein’s creation of a living monster. Contrary to popular belief, the monster was not given a name by Frankenstein and is only referred to as â€Å"the monster† throughout the story. While it may seem like a simple, classic horror story on the surface, when analyzed more closely, Frankenstein reveals not only many mythological and religious referencesRead MoreFrankenstein as a Gothic Novel Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesTragic wanderers, ominous atmosphere, symbolism, and themes: these are elements of a Gothic novel. Though Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, written in the early 19th century, certainly contains many components of a Gothic novel, can it be correctly grouped under that genre? A definition of a Gothic novel; according to Tracy, is a description of a fallen world. We experience this fallen world though the aspects of a novel: plot, setting, characterization, and theme (De Vore, Domenic, Kwan and Reidy)

Does Vaccine Cause Autism - 928 Words

With so much evidence to disprove that vaccines cause autism, why is this still a question in our society? Thanks to the media continuously covering stories about mothers who have children with autism, and celebrities who support the unlink of autism causing vaccines. A reason brought up often when talking with an anti-vaccine person, is that the side effects of vaccines are being covered up by big business. When looking at reasons why a big corporation or the government would do that, there isn’t a lot to reason with. Large corporations and the government need it’s people to run correctly. The common working class is the foundation of any successful business and the higher ranking people make sure that they(the higher ranking) can keep the people working for them. Without the working class, production lines would stop and be shut down, cutting the profits they make annually. If a large number of those people(the working class) is sick, dying, or already dead, they woul d also lose profits. If they make a luxury good, such as perfume, expensive shoes, and even cars, their annual sales will plummet if a large enough portion of the population gets sick since the families will be paying for hospital bills instead of vacations and other unneeded necessities. It’s not in the interest of big corporations therefore, for the working class to risk their lives and their children’s lives against something that could have been prevented. Comparing two factories, say factory A has atShow MoreRelatedThe Mmr Vaccine Does Not Cause Autism873 Words   |  4 Pageschildren’s chance of getting autism. Studies have shown following the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine children become diagnosed with autism. Parents are risking bringing back diseases that before vaccinations killed and threatened the lives of many people. The MMR vaccine does not cause autism, because the doctor who published the first study about this theory has since lost his medical license, many more studies have proven the correlation is a myth, and Autism Speaks, an autism advocacy organizationRead MoreVaccines Do Not Blame Vaccines For Children?1271 Words   |  6 Pagesautistic it is blamed on vaccinations. Autism comes from genetics also, so why not blame vaccines for making people short too? If parents do not blame vaccines on their kids shortness, why blame vaccines for autism?. For years there has been controversy about vaccines causing autism in children. The vaccine scare originally started when there was a report in 1998 on how the MMR vaccine can cause autism, which was later dismissed as false (Rao). The MMR vaccine is a vaccine that is used to protect againstRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorders784 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Autism is the main form of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism is a developmental disorder that is manifested in problems with communication, impairment of social functioning, and repetitive behaviours. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), ASD diagnoses must meet four different areas of criteria. There are three symptoms of deficits in social communication and interaction across contexts, four symptoms of restrictedRead MoreThe Vaccine And Autism Controversy1179 Words   |  5 PagesVaccine and Autism Controversy Many parents are skeptical about getting their children vaccinated because of the fear that it may cause autism. The question of whether vaccines cause autism is still a controversial subject among many citizens today especially parents. Some citizens argue that vaccines are not safe and could potentially cause autism. Parents believe that vaccine caused their child to develop autism because autism symptoms become apparent around the same time that children were gettingRead MoreVaccines And Autism : Do Vaccines Cause Autism?1231 Words   |  5 PagesPseudoscience? I. Vaccines Autism Do Vaccines cause Autism? II. Abstract Do vaccines cause autism is a question that has been bouncing around for over twenty years. The increase in the number of diagnosed cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder has increased significantly and due to the impact this has in people’s lives several studies have been done in an effort to determine the cause. More specifically the MMR, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, vaccination has been accused of being the cause of autism. This accusationRead MoreThe Effects Of Autism On Children With Early Signs Of Autism1517 Words   |  7 Pages For years there has been many speculations conveying that some vaccines, particularly Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) causes signs of autism. Many compelling concerns have been formulated from parents of children who received vaccines and associated noticeable changes in their children with early signs of autism. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the behaviour and cognition of children (Quinn, 2014). Autism impairs communicatio n, interest and repetitive patterns of behaviourRead MoreA Research Study On My Annual Flu Vaccination1042 Words   |  5 Pageseffects these vaccines could have on their children. This lead me to my quest on finding whether or not vaccines hurt society more than they helped. The first step I took in my expedition was increasing my understanding of vaccines and how they functioned. Luckily, since my major is microbiology, I have taken some courses that have given me a foundation to understanding vaccines. By simply googling how vaccines work, I found the CDC’s article thoroughly explaining the fundamentals of vaccines. BasicallyRead MoreThe Vaccine Court and the Autism Test Case, Written by Lauren L. Haertlei1085 Words   |  5 PagesVaccines and Autism: Is There A Link? Haertlein, Lauren L. â€Å"Immunizing Against Bad Science: The Vaccine Court and The Autism Test Case.† Law and Contemporary Problems 72 (2012): 211-32. EconLit. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. â€Å"Immunizing Against Bad Science: The Vaccine Court and the Autism Test Case,† written by Lauren L. Haertlein, deals with one of today’s most popular controversies; vaccinations causing autism in children. Haertlein’s article gives insight into the history of vaccine litigation andRead MoreVaccine Requirements : Vaccine Requirement Rights1149 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Chavez-Muniz Breonna Thompson Krystal Egbuchunam Ms. Anderson 5 May, 2016 Vaccine Requirement Rights I. Introduction â€Å"For just a few dollars a dose, vaccines save lives and help reduce poverty. Unlike medical treatment, they provide a lifetime of protection from deadly and debilitating disease. They are safe and effective. They cut health care and treatment costs, reduce the number of hospital visits, and ensure healthier children, families and communities† (Berkley). Parents believe thatRead MoreThe Anti Vaccine Movement And The Vaccine1620 Words   |  7 Pages The Anti-Vaccine Movement Although the MMR link to autism is one of the most recent anti-vaccine incidences, the anti-vaccine movement didn’t begin with the suggestion that MMR caused autism. Previous vaccine scare incidences arose prior to the 1998 study on MMR that fueled more anti-vaccine sentiments. Offit (2011) claims that the modern American anti-vaccine movement began when a documentary titled DPT: Vaccine Roulette, aired on April 19, 1982. The documentary questioned the safety and effectiveness

Yahoo Strategic Management Report Free Essays

string(33) " as well as targeted placements\." Yahoo! : Business on Internet Time Group 2: Aaron Duke Alejandro Reynoso Erin Moon Sophia Benevento February 21, 2012 Dr. Jay Lee GM 105 California State University, Sacramento Executive Summary Yahoo started out as a hobby between two Stanford students, Jerry Yang and David Filo, and turned from a simple website with categorized information to a powerful navigational tool for millions of users. It generated millions in revenue and helped shape the way the modern-day internet is used, both in terms of streaming information and streaming revenue. We will write a custom essay sample on Yahoo Strategic Management Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now The U. S. military first used the internet in the 1960s as a way of safeguarding against centralized information. Decades later, it was used as a tool to help researchers share informaiton. In the 1990s, HTML language was created to help read documents easier. Within a few years, browsers, portals, and internet service providers (ISPs), along with the low price and easy access to computers had connected the world and the internet was born. As Yang and Filo created a way to monetize the traffic created by the popular Yahoo portal, the attractiveness of the Yahoo model helped propel the global reach of the internet, and brought about intense competition, new tools, new models of monetization, and the need for new strategy. When using Porters five forces model to analyze the portal industry’s attractiveness, it is clear that attractiveness is low. The bargaining power of suppliers is high, bargaining power of the buyers is low, threat of new entrants is high, start-up costs cause high barriers to entry, alternative edia allow the threat of substitutes to be high, and the potential for revenue has saturated the industry with competitors. This competitive environment rapidly changed since Yahoo was first created. There was virtually no competition and it was able to quickly secure large market segments. Using a strategy of simplicity, independence and strategic partnerships, Yahoo created a user-friendly point-of-ent ry for consumers to find information on the internet while making millions of dollars. Yahoo led the portal industry from 1994 to 1998, during which its market capitalization grew to $30 billion. In 1999, the industry began to change further as mergers and acquisitions consolidated power. Media companies, ISPs, browser companies and content providers were merging and acquiring each other in a flurry of moves in order to retain competitive advantage. The strategy of independence that brought Yahoo success needed to be reevaluated. In an environment with such volatile and intense competition, what strategy should Yahoo implement? As leader of the internet portal industry, Yahoo’s position, both in terms of its external environment and internal resources and capabilities, should be exploited in order to bring about above-average returns. Both the Industrial Organization (I/O) and Resource-Based models of above-average returns can be utilized. It shows Yahoo to be in a favorable position and the tools needed to effectively create new partnerships that will secure market share and long term profitability. Further, A SWOT analysis shows that Yahoo has strong brand image and opportunities for strategic partnerships, even though as first-mover in the industry, it lacked a long-term strategy and is threatened by intense competition. The story of Yahoo shows that a company’s strategy must always be evaluated for effectiveness in terms of its current external environment and its internal resources and capabilities. While effective strategy early on may bring about a favorable position in the industry, competitive forces will cause a company to seek out new strategies, new partnerships and new models in order to remain competitive and profitable. Background Jerry Yang and David Filo created the portal Yahoo in April of 1994. It was originally used as a hobby to track web addresses sent to them by friends. They were students at Stanford, but they gave up their education to focus on running Yahoo. Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web was created by Yang and Filo as a guide to navigate though the web. These web sites were sorted into a database and thousands of users began to use their service. Yahoo officially became a business on March 5, 1995. They hired Tim Koogle as CEO, as well as a staff of six people which eventually grew. Yahoo’s operations had three separate departments: property development, marketing and sales, and international. Property development focused on production and engineering. Marketing and sales handled corporate marketing, business development, and sales. They also had customized Yahoo pages in 18 countries, which was run by their International departments. Yahoo was located in Silicon Valley, and they offered five main services (properties) to consumers such as navigation, community, personalization, e-commerce, and international. Navigation allowed consumers to find information. Community offered an address book, email, chat, and message boards for consumers. Personalization allowed users to personalize their web pages and e-commerce offered shopping and other online sales. International properties were designed for those in different countries and had each country’s language and local content. By 1998, Yahoo had an estimated 100 million connected consumers, 167 million page views per day, and a market value of $30 billion. By 1998, they had an increased revenue for 1. 5 years. Industry Evolution The Internet was first used in the U. S. Military for defense in 1960. In 1986, the National Science Foundation used it for transferring research files and exchanging electronic mail. In 1991, Hyper text markup language (HTML) was created by Tim Berners Lee. This language allowed documents to link to one another through a host computer, and people could view graphics, audio and text. In 1994, the first internet browser was created. This allowed people to view web documents easily. Navigation sites, called â€Å"portals,† soon followed. Portals had two types of consumers: non-paying users and paying companies that wanted to advertise. Portal companies typically made revenue through advertising, and they often paid for information that would be exclusive to their site, such as news and sports. Click-thrus and referral fees made up a majority of their revenues from consumers, as well as targeted placements. You read "Yahoo Strategic Management Report" in category "Essay examples" During the 1990s, personal computers began to sell quickly for home use. Computers were sold with modems, software, a browser, and a way to access the internet. The two browsers that were commonly used were Netscape and MSN. Portals could be chosen by the consumer, but they often came included on the computers. Consumers also chose portals based on habit, quality of information, and brand. Access to the internet was usually done through the phone company, and later high-speed broadband was offered through cable providers. Internet usage began to increase at a fast pace and soon there were millions of people using the internet daily in many countries around the world. Industry Attractiveness Using Porter’s five forces model, we conclude that the bargaining power of the content providers varied depending on the relevance of the information. The bargaining power of suppliers of unique information, such as popular real-time news or sports, was high. Some of the portals paid companies a monthly rate up to $50,000 for information. However, that bargaining power of other suppliers of information such as specialized content, which was less crucial to the portal, is moderately high. This could range between $2,500 to $20,000 per month. Nevertheless, some of the smaller content providers would receive free placement in exchange for their information. Overall, the bargaining suppliers of the most important information is very high. Technology and labor were also suppliers. The threat of new entrants to the industry is high. However, the capital requirements in order for a new entrant to compete is also very high. During the first few years after Yahoo was launched, many other entrants decided to enter the market. There would be even more entrants in the next few years. Yet, most of the companies that compete against Yahoo are not making money, they are actually losing money. There are many substitutes in the industry that users may prefer to use instead of a portal. Portals considered themselves to be media companies and not just a search engine. Some of the substitutes of portals are television, newspapers, movies, magazines, and even other non-portal websites. In addition, the bargaining power of major paying customers, those who want to advertise on the portals, is very high. In spite of this, the bargaining power of small paying customers is moderate. The smallest orders of advertisement were $1000. But all of the deals where typically negotiated. Moreover, the competitive rivalry is very intense. The only two portals who were making money in 1998 are Yahoo and AOL. However, AOL was not only a portal, it also provided internet access, which provided the majority of their income. Yahoo was the only portal that was not also an ISP and was still profitable. In summary, the overall attractiveness to enter the industry is very low. The industry is saturated with many different types of competitors, and the start up cost for a new entrant is extremely high. Performance and Strategy When Yahoo invented the first internet â€Å"portal,† it also created the internet portal industry There was virtually no competition and it was able to quickly secure large market segments. It had the â€Å"blue ocean† at its feet as it created new demand in an uncontested market. Yahoo saw the value of creating a user-friendly Internet portal before anyone else. By moving quickly and efficiently, Yahoo was able to negotiate, and frequently dictate, pricing with partners which led to large amounts of revenue. Yahoo’s performance has been very effective, resulting in positive revenue gains leading to profitability in 1998. Yahoo chose a strategy based on forming strategic partnerships that simply added value to the company. They decidedly chose not to merge with other companies in order to retain full control of operations. This way, Yahoo executives were able to take full advantage of both its position and revenue streams and reinvest into the company. This would create value-adding â€Å"properties† and services and thus stay ahead of the competition. The strategy that Yahoo implemented proved very successful. This strategy was one of simplicity and independence compared with their other competitors. They had a maintained a business plan that was developed in 1995 and a one-year operating plan that showed their financial goals and top priorities. They did not have a detailed marketing plan. The employees worked in close quarters, although the structure of the firm was hierarchal. Employees worked in cubicles to save costs. Yahoo was the only portal, aside from AOL, to post profits in 1998. AOL’s profits were significantly larger than Yahoo’s due to the fact that they generated large amounts of revenue as an Internet service provider (ISP). By selling access to the internet, AOL gained revenue from both Internet use and access, while Yahoo generated revenue only from internet advertising. In 1998, it seemed that Yahoo was trending toward losing market share to AOL because would have been wise to invest money into becoming an ISP, however as we have seen, the dominant ISPs have become companies like ATT and MCI, companies that control the means of communication, namely the phone lines and satellites. Yahoo has kept their basic strategy. Yahoo possesses in-house expertise in engineering. All in all, their strategy has been very successful until 1999. Mergers Acquisitions of Competitors There were many mergers and acquisitions in the portal industry during 1998 and January 1999. Media sites such as Disney and NBC were partnering with portals such as Infoseek and Snap to gain a competitive advantage and market share. Internet service providers were also acquiring portals with the hopes of gaining more consumers and increasing their profits. For example, the service provider @Home acquired Yahoo’s main competitor Excite, while AOL acquired the very popular Netscape. The internet and portal industry was new for the public in the 1990s. Although there were billions of dollars being spent in e-commerce and by advertisers, the portal industry had only a few years of data to compare when creating a new strategy. Many companies relied on analysts’ predictions for revenue, which may not have been accurate. The strategies ranged from ISP’s hosting portals, media company mergers with portals, and portals acquiring numerous smaller businesses. While some of the strategies seemed to make logical sense, the only two portals that created a profit in 1998 were Yahoo and AOL. The problem with many of these acquisitions and mergers was the amount of money that was being spent at the risk of their stakeholders, particularly their capital market stakeholders. For example, @Home paid $6. billion for Excite, but only a few years later, @Home filed for bankruptcy (Source). These internet service providers and portals had a first-mover advantage so they were able to gain a large market share. Increased competition brought about mergers and acquisitions which consolidated power within fewer companies, in hopes of gaining more of a competitive advantage and greater market share. A Strategy Change ? Koogle and his team were aware of the intense competition in the external environment and considered it’s options. Though they were successful and profitable, they were unsure of the future. Their strategy was basic and they had used one business plan, which never changed. They were an independent company, unlike some of their competitors. The management at Yahoo should continue observing the market and begin to create a new business and marketing plan. The portal industry is growing and becoming fiercely competitive, and with Yahoo’s main competitor Excite flaunting their slogan, â€Å"Still with the same old Yahoo? † they should consider changing their strategy. Their high stock price has allowed them to hire some of the most skilled engineers. This, along with capital has allowed them the option to either â€Å"make† or â€Å"buy† companies. Partnering with other businesses that have interest in their company such as ATT, MCI, Time Warner, and News Corporation may be good options. They also have the capital to acquire Geocities, which is another internet portal. They can also negotiate exclusive distribution deals with personal computer makers such as Compaq, Gateway, HP, and IBM in order to secure market share and increase its customer base. Yahoo should adjust their strategy because as their competitors continue to partner with other firms, their customers will likely choose to advertise with these larger companies and they risks losing millions in profits. The best option for Yahoo would be to approach News Corporation and negotiate a possible media partnership in the future. This will allow Yahoo to gain more consumers while leaving them with control of the company. It is not wise to sell because Yahoo has an estimated worth of $30 billion, and their rival Excite had just sold for less than $7 billion. (I/O) Model of Above-Average Returns Yahoo invented the internet portal industry. In 1994, the external environment of the industry was void of economies of scale and barriers to market entry. There was no need for diversification or product differentiation, and there were no other firms to compete with. Yahoo had a simple strategy that capitalized on its first-mover advantage, its access to top engineering talent in Silicon Valley, and its vision that focused on creating a user-friendly entry point for the internet. This simple strategy was sufficient for above-average returns in the early days of the industry, but as the internet evolved and industry competition increased, Yahoo realized it needed to reevaluate their position in the industry in order to continue enjoying the same above-average returns. External Environment: Several mergers and acquisitions had consolidated ISPs, portals, media companies, and content providers. Yahoo had was the only portal not in talks with a major partner. †¢ Attractive Industry: Yahoo is still the largest portal in the industry. This position makes the industry attractive, however the growing competition makes the position unsecur e. †¢ Strategy Formulation: Yahoo can no longer survive on its own. Its partnership with telecommunication giant ATT is losing strength as ATT looks to provide customers with web content, no longer needing the content provided by Yahoo. Yahoo needs to partner with traditional media companies, secure more distribution deals with computer companies, improve technologies that would enhance the speed and usability of their search engine. †¢ Assets and Skills: Yahoo has a reputation for independence and tough negotiations. Moving forward, executives will need to be able to build and maintain relationships with potential partners. Yahoo currently has access to the top engineering and management talent in Silicon Valley. Strategy Implementation: Meet with executives from telecommunication, traditional media, and personal computer companies with the goal of creating exclusive partnerships. This will boost brand recognition, increase customer base, increase market share and profitability. Building and maintaining these relationships will lead to future growth. Resource-Based Model of Above-Average Returns It was necessary for Yahoo to also evaluate their internal environment. Resources and capabilities were essential fo r the success of the company, as well as a competitive advantage, strategy formulation and implementation, and an attractive industry. Resources: Yahoo has the top engineering and management talent in Silicon Valley. It has a popular product with a loyal customer base. It has financial resources, a market capitalization valued at $30 billion. †¢ Capabilities: Yahoo was able to secure the position of industry leader, secure distribution deals and valuable partnerships, and create an internet portal that customers widely valued over the competition. †¢ Competitive Advantage: Internally, Yahoo’s resources and capabilities exceeds that of its competitors. Superior talent, better vision of what a portal should offer, and effective execution all contributed to Yahoo’s early success. However it needs to combine its resources and capabilities through strategic partnerships in order to maintain its competitive advantage. †¢ Attractive Industry: As the leader in the internet portal industry, Yahoo executives can exploit opportunities to merge or form partnerships with any number of major industry companies. †¢ Strategy Formulation and Implementation: Yahoo’s early success is attributed to its executives utilizing its talent, industry position, partnerships and financial resources. Management needs to direct these resources and capabilities toward strategic partnerships with traditional media and personal computer companies in order to create value-adding partnerships, boost brand recognition, increase customer base, and increase market share and profitability. Building and maintaining these relationships will lead to future growth. The use of both the I/O model and the Resource Based Model are crucial for Yahoo to analyze and use as they formulate their strategy for earning high profits. SWOT Analysis When analyzing Yahoo, it is clear that they have many strengths. One of their main strengths is their strong brand image compared to their competition. Yahoo is currently the second biggest business in the industry both in the United States and globally after Google. Also, Yahoo was the first business to enter into this new industry, with it’s portals, commonly known as search engines now. In addition, Yahoo built many strategic partnerships. These strategic partnerships were negotiated by the business development staff at Yahoo. One example of a strong strategic partnership was teaming up wit ATT in order to combine Yahoo! s services with access to the Internet. Yahoo also had a few weaknesses. Yahoo was lacking a long-term strategy, and their unwillingness to embrace the changes in the industry. They also did not offer Internet access like other portals such as AOL and MSN. The company had many opportunities. For instance, they had the opportunity to do strategic acquisitions or partnerships with other companies in order to ensure that th eir leadership will not be taken away by other companies that were involved in mergers and acquisitions. Additionally, Yahoo had the opportunity of the growing online advertising market. Expenditures for online advertising grew from $0 in 1994 to $2 billion in 1998, and they were expected to keep growing exponentially. A third opportunity that Yahoo had is to keep expanding to more countries. Yahoo had international properties in 18 countries, but there are many other countries where Yahoo can keep expanding. The threats that Yahoo was facing were the very intense competition and government regulations. As the Internet industry evolved, regulations became more strict and the government becomes more involved. References Cnet. Feb-21-2011. http://news. cnet. com/2100-1033-273689. html How to cite Yahoo Strategic Management Report, Essay examples

Performance Managerment †Executive Briefing Note Essay Sample free essay sample

This papers will sketch the new Performance Management System. This briefing note will explicate what a public presentation direction system is. the chief constituents of a good public presentation direction system. the nexus between motive and public presentation every bit good as other information sing public presentation direction. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Managerment – Executive Briefing Note Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is Performance Management? Performance Management is a tool to guarantee that line directors efficaciously manage and develop their employees in-line with organizational aims and ends. Performance direction is a method for line directors to pass on with their employees informing them: †¢ what is expected of the employee †¢ how the employee will be rewarded †¢ how the employee should present consequences †¢ what consequences the administration is looking for on a concern broad graduated table †¢ hot the employee will be developed Performance direction is a cardinal constituent of an administrations attack to pull offing employees. How does Performance Management align with concern aims? Whilst there is no cosmopolitan understanding as to what constitutes public presentation direction. there are features that are by and large present. they include: †¢ It aims to better organizational. divisional. departmental and single public presentation †¢ It aims to associate concern aims and ends to divisional. departmental and single aims and ends †¢ It evaluates organizational. divisional. departmental and single public presentation. placing demands for public presentation betterment and developing new public presentation aims †¢ It incorporates occupation design. enlisting al choice. preparation and development. calling planning and compensation and benefits. along with the Performance reappraisal. The intent of Performance Management is to enable and promote employees by run intoing their ain aims which are aligned with the concern aims. It helps advance a extremely competent work force by promoting employee to run into their full potency. As you know run intoing concern aims is indispensable to the endurance of the concern and these demand to be communicated down to employees. Aims should be stretching to set us in the best competitory place and demand to be measured. reviewed and monitored. Employee aims should be SMARTS ( Specific. Measurable. Achievable. Realistic. Timely and Stretching ) . The employee should hold to the aims when they are set out in their public presentation reappraisal. every bit good as line directors puting aims the employee should besides be given the opportunity to believe of their ain aims. this manner you empower the employee and they will experience motivated to finish the aims and hence assist the company run into its ain aims. What makes up Performance Management? An effectual Performance Management System has many constituents. for our concern the of import 1s are ; †¢ Performance Planning: This is done by both the line manage and the employee at the beginning of the twelvemonth ( in our instance the November public presentation reappraisal ) . this will sketch aims and expected behaviors for the following 12 months. It will besides include any countries of public presentation that demand betterment. These countries will so be agreed between the line director and the employee. †¢ Performance Appraisal and Reviewing: It is proposed that reappraisals are performed twice a twelvemonth. one in November reexamining the old twelvemonth and planning for the following twelvemonth. There will besides be a reappraisal in May reexamining the employees public presentation so far and guaranting aims are still relevant and run into the concern demands. There should be an 80/20 regulation with the employee 80 % of the clip and the line director speaking 20 % of the clip. this should be inquiring inquiries of the employee so that the employee can reexamine their ain public presentation. During the public presentation the line director should pass 40 % of the clip looking back on the old twelvemonth and the other 60 % looking frontward to the following twelvemonth. †¢ Feedback on the employees public presentation: this is an of import portion of the public presentation direction system. This is where the employee receives information from their line manage about the countries of betterment and whether they are lending the expected degrees of public presentation or non. The feedback should be unfastened and crystalline and include any preparation and development demands that may hold been identified. Though there are merely 2 public presentation reappraisals a twelvemonth public presentation should be managed on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing so that the employee has a opportunity to better their public presentation before the following reappraisal. This besides informs the employee if they are meeting/exceeding the expected degrees of public presentation. How does motive impact public presentation? An employees public presentation will depend on a figure of factors – accomplishment. cognition. competency. aptitude. attitude and behaviors amongst other. Motivation is of import as the degree of motive an employee has will find how these factors are applied. Each employee will be motivated otherwise and is affected by a alteration by a scope of variables. Motivation is unstable and will alter throughout an employees life. If an employee is extremely motivated they will execute higher and if they perform higher this may take to a sense of accomplishment and a higher motive. Whilst a batch of employees are motivated develop and execute better. there are some employees who are non. These employees tend to make merely plenty to maintain anyone from detecting them. This is the country where public presentation direction falls down and it is up to the director to happen ways to actuate their staff. guaranting that they are making their occupation decently and are lodging to promises are merely some ways this could assist. The director should besides seek to happen out why these employees are non motivated. There are many theories on motive and they are grouped as: †¢ Reinforcement Theories which propose that effects will determine behavior ? i. e. Positive support will promote good behaviors and negative support will do unwanted behaviors to be avoided ? e. g. Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory states that factors that cause occupation satisfaction will differ from those that cause dissatisfaction. ‘Motivators’ ( accomplishment or the work itself ) will supply positive support and ‘hygiene’ factors ( wage or working conditions ) will hold a negative consequence if non handled right. †¢ Needs Theories which propose that people have demands that are satisfied by working. These demands could be nutrient or lodging or the demand for regard from others. †¢ Cognitive Theories propose that employees are rational and have different positions on wages. These theories suggest employees bring inputs to a occupation e. g. experience. makings. energy and attempt for which they expect to have wage. acknowledgment and interesting work. The inputs and end products are so weighed and are seen as just or unjust ? e. g. Adams Equity Theory provinces and employee will see their ratio of inputs and end products against other employees of tantamount accomplishments. experience and makings. The employee will either be satisfied or unsated with the result. Equally good as motive holding an impact on public presentation the civilization of the company will besides hold the same impact. We have a constructive civilization within our company and promote behaviors such as Achievement. Self-Actualising. Humanistic-Encouraging and Affiliative and this will assist when presenting a new public presentation direction system as the trust between direction and employees is already at that place and merely demands to be built upon. What should be considered when pull offing public presentation? There are many factors that should be taken in to consideration when pull offing public presentation. †¢ Performance linked to salary – when this happens employees may be given to deny their failings and may bury any errors. They may besides fault any sensed short-comings on others. †¢ Management Commitment – If employees recognise there is a deficiency of direction committedness to the Performance Management System they can go misanthropic about the system and see it as a pencil forcing exercising. If †¢ Management Training – If directors are non trained in public presentation direction so it will non be just across the concern. which may go forth some countries with employees who are non working to the right aims. or being told they are underachieving when they are non. In order for a Performance direction system to work it must be just across the concern. Not merely should directors be trained in Performance Management. employees should be trained so that they are cognizant what they will be measured against. †¢ Indexs can tilt towards efficiency instead than effectiveness as public presentation direction favours what can be measured. Even within the indexs that can be measured. public presentation can lie outside of an persons control. For case if the gross revenues squad are non executing so there will be no work for the production staff which may ensue in redundancies. †¢ Clear Guidance from directors – employees who do non hold clear counsel from directors may be confused as to that the director is looking for and why they have been given certain aims. this will demotivate the employee and will do jobs when seeking to reexamine them. Reward and Performance Management The chief intents of wages in a public presentation direction system are to retain. actuate cardinal employees and to cut down turnover. These wagess can be both fiscal and non-financial. The manner in which employees are rewarded can hold considerable impact on their public presentation. What is a Entire Reward System? A Total Reward System encompasses all facets of work that are valued by employees including preparation and development every bit good as the on the job conditions and wage and benefits. A Entire wages System can be used to pull. motivate and retain employees. As stated antecedently reward does non hold to be fiscal. there are many different constituents to a Total Reward System these include: †¢ Compensation i. e. Basic wage and pay for Overtime. This is an of import constituent of the wages system. and is the chief ground a batch of employees attend work †¢ Benefits these can be used to supplement hard currency compensation and are normally to protect the employee or their household from fiscal hazards e. g. Life Assurance. Company Car. Health Cash Plan. Ill Wage †¢ Work Life Balance this is going more and more of import to employees and includes flexible working. paid an unpaid clip off for dependents †¢ Development and Career Opportunity whilst non every employee wants to progress this is still portion of the Total Reward System as it includes on the occupation preparation every bit good as the chance to develop †¢ Performance and acknowledgment this is a cardinal constituent for organizational aims and involves the alliance of organizational. divisional. departmental and single attempts towards the accomplishment of the concern aims. Recognition acknowledges and gives particular attending to an employees actions/efforts. What beginnings of informations can be used for public presentation and honor direction? As public presentation is measured against specific indexs a splashboard can be used to find how the concern is making. along with how employees are executing against their ain aims. Benchmarking against other companies in the country will assist garner the information needed for the Total Reward Package as this will include wage and benefits. This will guarantee that employees are being rewarded reasonably. This will assist to cut down the turnover and motivate employees. Bibliography 1. Daniels. A ( 4th edition. July 2004 ) . Performance Management: Changing Behaviour that Drives Organizational Effectiveness 2. Martin. M. . Whiting. F. and Jackson. J. ( 5th edition ) Human Resource Practice 3. Stredwick. J. ( 2nd edition ) An Introduction to Human Resource Management 4. Torrington. D. . Hall. L. and Taylor. S. ( 5th edition ) Human Resource Management 5. Armstrong. M. ( 8th edition ) A Handbook of Human Resource Management 6. Rock. R. ( 4th edition ) Human Resource Management